Increased homogenous clusters in superconducting paths with diffusion of optimum Ni impurities into Bi-2223 crystal

Abstract

This study deals with variations of electrical and superconducting features of Bi-2223 superconducting materials exposed to Ni impurity diffusion at different annealing temperatures (650 degrees CT850 degrees C) by temperature-dependent resistivity measurements. It is found that the characteristic properties improve with annealing temperature up to 700 degrees C as a result of enhancement in the truly-metallic characteristics, interaction quality, formation of Cooper-pairs and overlapping of Cu-3d and O-2p wave functions. Similarly, the optimum annealing temperature of 700 degrees C diminishes the omnipresent flaws and structural defects. Additionally, we design a strong theory (Percolation) to discuss the role of nickel impurities on fundamental aspects of material science and physical quantities as regards stabilization of superconductivity in the homogeneous regions and formation of superconducting clusters in the paths for the first time. Further, we develop an empirical relationship between the structural problems and transition temperatures to obtain a superconductor exhibiting the highest electrical and superconducting features.