Akıllı şehirlerde acil durum yönetimi: Çalışma alanı Akçaabat = Emergency management in smart cities: Study area Akçaabat

Abstract

Hızla artış gösteren dünya nüfusunun büyük bir çoğunluğu şehirlerde yaşamaktadırlar. Bu durum özellikle ulaşım, barınma ve güvenlik gibi pek çok alanda sorunlar yaşanmasına sebep olmaktadır. Günümüz şehirlerini binlerce yıllık insanlık tarihindeki öncül örneklerinden daha iyi yönetme yolunda geleneksel modeller yetersiz kalmış, zamanla yeni fikirler ve yöntemler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu süreç neticesinde ortaya çıkan Akıllı Şehir yaklaşımı; günümüz teknolojilerini ve yaklaşımlarını kullanarak gerek fiziksel çevreyi gerekse de sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel hayatı daha ileri seviyelere taşıyarak toplumsal refahı ve yaşam kalitesini artırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Acil durum yönetimi de bu yaklaşımın temel parçalarından biri olup, ülkemizde deprem başta olmak üzere günlük hayatta meydana gelebilecek afetlere karşı etkin bir mücadele sürdürülebilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, tüm afetlere yönelik karmaşık bir yaklaşımdan ziyade, ülkemizin farklı bölgelerinde sıklıkla karşılaşılan sel, taşkın, heyelan ve çığ olaylarından yola çıkılarak yenilikçi bir acil durum yönetim planı oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, pilot çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Trabzon ilinin Akçaabat ilçesinde SmartAbat isimli bir Akıllı Şehir projesi önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, akıllı şehirler ve acil durum yönetimi açısından Akçaabat İlçesine yönelik öneriler geliştirmektir. Yoğun afet riski barındıran bir ilçeye yönelik bütüncül bir yaklaşımla akıllı şehir uygulamalarını kullanarak acil durum yönetim planının hayata geçirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Araştırma kapsamında, Akçaabat ilçesinin afet ve acil durumlar karşısında hem sürdürülebilir hem de dirençli kent olmasına yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. Erken uyarı sistemleri, taşkın azaltma ve adaptasyon stratejileri, sel afet yönetiminin takibi, değerlendirilmesi ve ulusal düzeyde kalkınma planlamasına dahil edilmesi de olmak üzere çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur. Bunlara ek olarak, Akçaabat ilçesi için Taşkın Karar Destek Sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Bu araştırma, gerek bilimsel literatüre gerekse de Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetim Başkanlığı başta olmak üzere Türkiye'nin çeşitli kurumları tarafından yürütülen diğer çalışmalara katkıda bulunacaktır. Bütüncül bir acil durum yönetimine yönelik hazırlanan bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçların yerel yönetimler, sivil toplum kuruluşları, ilgili diğer kurum ve kuruluşlar açısından etkili bir karar destek sistemi olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The majority of the rapidly increasing global population resides in cities. This situation leads to numerous problems in various areas such as transportation, housing, and security. Traditional models of managing cities, which have been used for thousands of years in human history, have proven to be insufficient in effectively governing modern cities. Over time, new ideas and methods have emerged to address these challenges. The Smart City approach, which has evolved as a result of this process, aims to enhance societal well-being and quality of life by utilizing contemporary technologies and approaches to advance the physical environment, as well as social, economic, and cultural aspects. Emergency management has become an important focal point in public administration today. The advancement of technology and the process of digitalization offer significant opportunities to improve emergency management in a more effective and efficient manner.Data collection in urban areas through various technical equipment and applications provides valuable information for emergency management. For example, data such as air quality, water level and traffic congestion can be collected through sensors. This data can then be transformed into actionable information through analytical processes and integrated into smart applications.Transforming data into smart applications enables fast and accurate decision-making to mitigate the impacts of disasters. For example, mobile applications developed for emergencies can quickly inform citizens and direct them to safe areas. Emergency response teams can also use data to identify affected areas, manage resources more effectively and improve response processes.Data sharing in smart cities facilitates the development of smart disaster and emergency applications by encouraging collaboration and integration between different organizations. Local governments, emergency services, health institutions and other stakeholders can work together to identify disaster risks, develop emergency plans and coordinate resources more efficiently. However, there are challenges in integrating digitalization and technology into emergency management processes. Attention needs to be paid to data security, privacy, standards and infrastructure. Furthermore, ensuring widespread access to technology and avoiding the digital divide is crucial to ensure equal benefits for all. In conclusion, the use of technology for emergency management in smart cities is an inevitable necessity. It provides opportunities for efficient collection and utilization of data, thus enhancing emergency response capabilities. Emergency management is one of the fundamental components of this approach and holds significant importance in enabling an effective response to disasters that may occur in daily life, particularly earthquakes in our country. This study aims to develop an innovative emergency management plan based on frequently encountered natural disasters such as floods, flash floods, landslides, and avalanches, rather than adopting a complex approach that covers all types of disasters. Within this context, a Smart City project named SmartAbat is proposed for Akçaabat district in Trabzon province as a pilot study area. The purpose of this study is to develop recommendations for Akçaabat district regarding smart cities and emergency management. The implementation of an emergency management plan using smart city applications with a holistic approach specifically tailored to a district with high disaster risks is targeted. Following the completion of the literature review, the applicability of the analyzed management practices to Akçaabat District is examined. Non-applicable management practices are ignored and applicable practices are continued. Applicable practices should be evaluated on the basis of disaster risk areas and maps. On the basis of disaster risk areas and maps, appropriate management practices are evaluated for Akçaabat District and emergency disaster management proposals are developed. The prepared emergency disaster management proposal consists of three basic components. Floods have had devastating impacts on communities, destroying livelihoods of high material value and investments important for development. However, with adequate use of technology, it is possible to create human-centered early warning systems that increase public awareness and preparedness for flood events to significantly reduce the negative impacts of these disasters on our lives. This study addresses various aspects of flood disaster management, including early warning systems, flood mitigation and adaptation strategies, monitoring and evaluation of flood disaster management and its incorporation into development planning at the national level. The study re-examined the integration of advanced technological tools in flood disaster management and encouraged more research in this area. This is because these tools are capable of collecting, analyzing and communicating real-time flood data to all stakeholders instantaneously to protect human lives and investments. However, in order to ensure a holistic emergency management, all stakeholders must contribute to the process. The findings of this study are important for decision makers, local administrators and citizens. The importance of this study is the implementation of an emergency management plan using smart city applications with a holistic approach for a district with intense disaster risk. The results obtained from this comprehensive emergency management study are believed to serve as an effective decision support system for local governments, civil society organizations, and other relevant institutions. There are smart city applications across a certain city or country. However, holistic smart city applications that deal with a certain region do not have an emergency management plan application. Within the scope of the research, recommendations are presented for Akçaabat district to be both sustainable and resilient in the face of disasters and emergencies. Various recommendations have been presented, including early warning systems, flood mitigation and adaptation strategies, monitoring and evaluation of flood disaster management and its inclusion in national development planning. In addition, a Flood Decision Support System was developed for Akçaabat district. This research will contribute both to the scientific literature and to other studies conducted by various institutions in Turkey, especially the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. It is thought that the results obtained from this study prepared for a holistic emergency management can be used as an effective decision support system for local governments, non-governmental organizations, other relevant institutions and organizations. This study discusses how different technologies can be adapted to emergency and disaster management and includes examples of similar studies implemented in Turkey. Smartabat Project aims to implement a Smart City project in Akçaabat district of Trabzon province. Within the scope of this project, Akçaabat district is handled in an integrated manner. It is aimed both to be a sustainable city and to show resistance to disasters and emergencies within the framework of information communication technology.