Toplu taşıma sistemlerinin optimizasyonu = Optimisation of public transportation systems

Abstract

Günümüzde dünya genelinde hususi araç kullanımındaki artış, enerji sıkıntısı, trafik sıkışıklığı ve buna bağlı olarak bir noktadan başka bir noktaya ulaşımda harcanan süreler artış göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak enerji fiyatlandırmalarındaki artışlar da insanları hususi araç kullanımından toplu taşıma sistemlerine yöneltmektedir. Toplu taşıma sistemlerine olan talep artışı ile birlikte toplu taşıma idareleri bu taleplere cevap verebilmelidir. Toplu taşıma idareleri; insanların hızlı, güvenli, erişilebilir ve ekonomik çözümlerle bir noktadan bir noktaya ulaşımını sağlamakla yükümlüdürler. Bu çözümlerde kamu yararı gözetilerek mevcut kaynakların (yol altyapısı, araç ve işletme personelleri) kanun ve yönetmeliklere uygun olarak verimli kullanımının sağlanması gerekmektedir. Toplu taşıma türlerinin ve hat sayılarının artmasıyla birlikte hem mevcut seferlerin gerçekleştirilebilmesi hem de yolculuk talebine karşılık verebilmesi amacıyla toplu taşıma işletme planlaması ve optmizasyonu kavramı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Toplu taşıma işletme planlaması ve optimizasyonu için farklı ülkeler tarafından geliştirilmiş yazılımlar bulunmakta olup bu yazılımlar, toplu taşıma idarelerine kaynak (araç ve sürücü) bazlı verimlilik sağlayarak maliyetlerin düşürülmesinde büyük rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi sorumluluğunda bulunan EminönüAlibeyköy tramvay hattının mevcut verileri göz önüne bulundurularak örnek bir uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Eminönü-Alibeyköy tramvay hattının işletme planı ve optimizasyonunu yapabilmek için IVU.Plan yazılımı kullanılmıştır. IVU.Plan yazılımına hattın yol ağı, araç, sefer, işletme personellerinin çalışma kuralları vb. veriler tanımlanmıştır. İşletmeye devam ederken gerçekleşebilecek farklı sefer senaryoları tasarlanmış ve bu senaryolar üzerinden optimizasyon analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Optimizasyon analizleri sonucunda Eminönü-Alibeyköy tramvay hattında her bir sefer senaryosuna ait gerekli araç ve sürücü sayıları belirlenmiştir. Eminönü Alibeyköy hattında her iki yönde günlük toplam 488 seferin, 17 araç ve 42 sürücü ile gerçekleştirilebileceği tespit edilmiş olup farklı sefer senaryoları ile birlikte sefer sayısı-araç sayısı ve sefer sayısı-sürücü sayısı verileri kullanılarak regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Farklı sefer senaryoları ve hattı kullanan yolcuların kart basım verileri göz önünde bulundurularak hattın gelecekteki yolculuk taleplerine, yolcu memnuniyeti ve verimli kaynak kullanımı sağlanarak cevap verilebilmesi için değerlenirmelerde ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Nowadays, states and local governments are working various studies in order to reduce the negative effects on the environment in the transportation sector and the use of fossil fuels in energy consumption. In this context, the use of public transportation systems has gained importance instead of using private vehicles due to cost, energy consumption and environmental effects, and the tendency to use public transportation systems has increased. Geographical conditions, cost, passenger supply, distance between stops, voyage duration, etc. in urban transportation by the state and local governments in order for the public to prefer public transportation systems. Investments are made taking into account the variables. Public transportation systems, which are divided into three types as road, rail and sea, contain different systems within themselves. Road public transport, rubber wheel systems; rail public transport metro, light rail, tram, funicular, etc. rail systems, maritime public transport, ferry, motor etc. consists of systems. The geographical conditions of the city where the public transportation systems are located, the road infrastructure, the passenger supply, etc. Due to the fact that it is shaped under the influence of the characteristics, it shows type and systemic differences from country to country and city to city. Urban public transportation systems, people's work, health, social, etc. these are the systems that collectively meet the transportation needs that arise due to reasons. It alleviates the traffic load with routes and price tariffs predetermined by the public transport administrations of the city where it is located, while reducing fossil fuel consumption and environmental pollution and transportation costs. In order to respond to travel demands, the most suitable system is selected and put into operation by making advance planning. It provides three different types of service as highway, railway and seaway. While road mass transportation systems consist of rubber-tyred systems, rubber-tyred systems are also divided into different units within themselves. Although there are private roads reserved for public transportation vehicles in different countries and cities, the majority of them serve on roads exposed to traffic load where private vehicle use is used. Maritime public transportation systems serve by selecting the units connected to the most suitable transportation vehicles according to the travel demand and the physical infrastructure of the line planned to be created. Although urban maritime public transportation generally has higher travel times compared to different systems, it also provides the opportunity to be used for touristic purposes. Railway public transport systems, on the other hand, can have the highest passenger carrying capacity when planned correctly in urban transportation. They are systems that can connect the main axes of the city, rarely have an intersection with road transportation, but are safer and can serve with a high accuracy of planned timetables since the majority of them are operated separately from road traffic. Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line, located between Fatih and Eyüpsultan districts within the provincial borders of Istanbul, is a rail system line covering the shores of the Haliç. The tram line, which is planned to be operated between Cibali-Alibeyköy Cep Otogarı stations in the first stage, has been designed to have a line length of 10.1 km. Küçükpazar and Eminönü stations, located after Cibali station, are planned to be completed and put into operation in the future. Various expedition scenarios have been prepared for the operation planning and optimization studies on the Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line. Later in the line; considering the increase in the number of integrations with the full opening of the line, the start of the education period of the universities around the line, etc., the number of trips should be increased with the increase in travel demand. It is possible to monitor the increase and decrease in the number of passengers that may be experienced while the tram line continues to operate and to prepare the operation plan accordingly. Different trip scenarios can be prepared by monitoring monthly, weekly, daily and hourly the card issuance data and analyzing travel demands. 19 trip scenarios have been prepared to be used in business planning and optimization studies for the Eminönü-Alibeyköy line to be operated with more efficient resource use. The 19 trip scenarios prepared were also defined in the IVU.Plan program and the operation plan optimization studies of the T5 Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line were carried out. Network points and groups of Eminönü-Alibeyköy tram line, route, route variation, link, trip, vehicle working guidelines, duty guidelines and driver change guidelines are defined in IVU.Plan software. Integrated duty and vehicle working scheduling program in IVU.Plan software is used in optimization studies. In the integrated duty and vehicle working scheduling program, vehicle working and duty scheduling can be done at the same time, as well as vehicle working and duty scheduling can be done separately. Vehicle working; it is the vehicle duty of a vehicle, which ensures the realization of the number of trip determined in the expedition scenarios, until it leaves the garage and returns to the garage. As a result of the optimization, vehicle working with 17 vehicle duty were formed. The average vehicle working time was calculated as 17 hours, and the total vehicle working time was calculated as 292 hours. The average distance traveled by a vehicle from the garage to the garage is 292 km and the total of 17 vehicles is 4959 km. The trip plan efficiency was calculated as 89%. Course refers to the number of vehicles that make scheduled trips. More than one vehicle working can combine to form a course, but within the framework of the defined rules, a course is created with each vehicle working. As a result of vehicle working optimization; it has been revealed that there is a need for 17 trams in order to carry out the 488 trips in the number 10 trip scenario and the working plans of these trams. In order to carry out the trips to the vehicle workings and courses that are created by the vehicle working optimization, it is necessary to assign a driver. Together with the duty optimization, the number of duty, which is the number of drivers required for the execution of the trips, was found to be 42. Depending on the increase or decrease in the number of trips or the changes in the guidelines of the operation plan, it is possible to reach the necessary number of tram vehicles and drivers in order to apply the schedules with the optimization analysis of the operation plan.