https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/102939 Tue, 14 Apr 2026 19:54:39 GMT 2026-04-14T19:54:39Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103009 Gölcük köyü ve çevresinin (Kestel, Bursa) florası = Flora of the village of Gölcük and its surroundings (Kestel, Bursa) Aydoğdu, Duygu Bu çalışmada Bursa ilinin kuzeydoğusunda, Kestel ilçesi sınırları içerisinde yer alan Gölcük Köyü ve çevresinin floristik özellikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Davis'in Grid Sistemine göre A2 karesinde yer alan araştırma sahasında, 2022-2023 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen 19 arazi çalışması sonucunda toplam 519 bitki örneği toplanmış ve bu süreçte bitkilerle ilgili 2258 adet fotoğraf çekilmiştir. Bitkiler, mümkün olduğunca çiçekli veya meyveli oldukları dönemlerde toplanarak fotoğraflanmış; ardından mevcut kurallara uygun şekilde preslenip kurutulmuştur. Kurutulan örnekler, böcek gibi zararlılardan korunmak amacıyla soğutucuda muhafaza edilerek herbaryum materyaline dönüştürülmüştür. Toplanan bitki örneklerine, araziden toplanma sırasına göre herbaryum numarası verilmiş; bu numaralarla birlikte habitat özellikleri, toplanma tarihleri, deniz seviyesinden yükseklikleri ve koordinat bilgileri arazi defterine kaydedilmiştir. Bu çalışmalarda, Gölcük Köyü ve çevresinde 69 familyaya ait 229 cins ve 378 tür ile alt tür seviyesinde takson tespit edilmiştir. Bu taksonların 3 tanesi Pteridophyta, 375 tanesi Spermatophyta divizyosu üyesidir. Spermatophyta divizyosuna ait taksonların 4 tanesi Gymnospermae alt divizyosu; 371 tanesi Angiospermae alt divizyosu üyesidir. Angiospermae alt divizyosundan geriye kalan bitkilerin ise 333 tanesi Dicotyledonae ve 38 tanesi Monocotyledonae sınıfına aittir. Araştırma alanında en fazla cins çeşitliliğine sahip ilk 5 familyaya: Asteraceae 36 farklı cinsle (%15,72), Apiaceae 15 farklı cinsle (%6,55), Brassicaceae 14 farklı cinsle (%6,11), Fabaceae 12 farklı cinsle (%5,24), Lamiaceae 11 farklı cinsle (%4,80), Rosaceae 10 farklı cinsle (%4,37), Poaceae 10 farklı cinsle (%4,37), Ranunculaceae 8 farklı cinsle (%3,49), Liliaceae 8 farklı cinsle (%3,49) ve Boraginaceae 7 farklı cinsle (%3,06) ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Araştırma alanında tespit edilen tür ve tür altı takson bakımından en zengin ilk 5 familya şunlardır: Asteraceae 58 takson (%15,34), Fabaceae 33 takson (%8,73), Rosaceae 23 takson (%6,08), Lamiaceae 23 takson (%6,08), Brassicaceae 17 takson (%4,50), Apiaceae 17 takson (%4,50), Ranunculaceae 16 takson (%4,23), Liliaceae 13 takson (%3,44), Poaceae 13 takson (%3,44), Scrophulariaceae 11 takson (%2,91). Alandaki takson bakımından en zengin cinsler ise 8 takson ile Trifolium (%2,12), 6 takson ile Medicago (%1,59), 6 takson ile Ranunculus (%1,59), 5 takson ile sırasıyla; Rumex (%1,32), Geranium (%1,32), Vicia (%1,32), Quercus (%1,32), 4 takson ile sırasıyla; Alyssum (%1,06), Malva (%1,06), Lathyrus (%1,06)'dur. Taksonların fitocoğrafik bölgelere göre dağılımı ve oranları şu şekildedir: Akdeniz elementine ait olanlar 63 takson (% 16.67), Avrupa-Sibirya elementine ait olanlar 50 takson (% 13,23), İran-Turan elementine ait olanlar 5 takson (% 1.32), ve çok bölgeli ya da bölgesi belirlenemeyenler ise 260 takson (% 68.78) olarak kaydedilmiştir. Çalışma alanı Akdeniz ve Avrupa-Sibirya fitocoğrafik bölgeleri arasında bir geçiş bölgesinde olup, bu durum farklı bitki türlerinin karışımını içermesine olanak tanır. İklim ve topografik çeşitlilik, bu bölgede çeşitli bitki türlerinin bir arada bulunmasını destekler. Geçiş bölgeleri, biyolojik çeşitlilik açısından zengin oldukları için, hem Akdeniz fitocoğrafik bölgesinin hem de Avrupa-Sibirya fitocoğrafik bölgesinin bitki türleriyle birlikte İran-Turan fitocoğrafik bölgesine ait bitki türlerini de barındırır. Fitocoğrafik bölgeler arasındaki bağlantılar, İran-Turan Fitocoğrafik Bölgesi'nin bitki türlerinin bu alanlara yayılmasını sağlar. Bu faktörler, çalışma alanında İran-Turan fitocoğrafik bölgesi'ne ait bitki türlerinin varlığını açıklamaktadır. Araştırma alanında yer alan taksonların hayat formlarına göre sınıflandırması şu şekildedir: Fanerofit, 48 takson (%12,70); Kamefit, 19 takson (%5,03); Hemikriptofit, 147 takson (%38,89); Kriptofit, 38 takson (%10,05); Terofit, 124 takson (%32,8); ve Vasküler parazit, 2 takson (%0,53). Endemik takson sayısı 4 olup alanın endemizm oranı %1.06 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanımızdaki endemizm oranı, ülkemiz genel endemizm oranına kıyasla oldukça düşüktür. Özellikle son dönemde popüler hale gelen hobi bahçelerinin yaygınlığı, insanların doğaya yönelme ve organik tarım yapma arzusu nedeniyle tarım arazisi oluşturmak amacıyla doğal bitki örtüsünün tahrip edilmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu durum, habitatların zarar görmesine ve dolayısıyla endemik bitki türlerinin azalmasına yol açmaktadır.; In this study, the floristic characteristics of Gölcük Village and its surroundings, located within the boundaries of the Kestel district in the northeast of Bursa province, were attempted to be determined. In the research area located in grid square A2 according to Davis's Grid System, a total of 519 plant specimens were collected, and 2258 photographs of plants were taken during 19 field studies conducted between 2022 and 2023. The plants were collected and photographed, preferably during their flowering or fruiting periods; then, they were pressed and dried in accordance with existing rules. The dried specimens were preserved in a refrigerator to protect them from harmful pests and converted into herbarium material. A herbarium number was assigned to each collected plant specimen according to the order of collection in the field, and along with these numbers, habitat characteristics, collection dates, elevations above sea level, and coordinate information were recorded in the field notebook. The study area consists of mountainous regions, plains where agricultural land is widespread, and wetlands such as ponds and streams. This area, located at a point where ophiolitic suture zones are separated and three important tectonic units intersect, is surrounded by the Istanbul Zone to the north, the Sakarya Zone in the middle, and the Tavşanlı Zones to the south. The basic formations of the research area are formed by Mesozoic formations, namely the Karakaya Group, Bayırköy Formation, Bilecik Limestone, Vezirhan Formation, Gölpazarı Group, and Paşayayla Formation, which are widespread in the east and northeast. Bursa and its surroundings have been folded and fractured by orogenic and epirogenic movements during geological processes, mostly taking their present form during the Quaternary period. This region, located between the southern and middle branches of the North Anatolian Fault, is characterized by an east-west trending tectonic line starting from the Manyas Basin in the west and extending to the Yenişehir Basin in the east. Additionally, a second tectonic zone starting from Gemlik and passing through İznik is also active. Due to the active fault lines around the Marmara Region, the research area is located in the first-degree earthquake belt. The study area includes alluvial soils, brown forest soils, and brown forest soils without limestone. Agricultural activities are generally carried out on alluvial soils. In areas where the drainage is insufficient and the Kovanlık Stream passes through, thin alluvial soils are observed. Brown forest soils in the northern regions are largely used for agriculture and partially for settlement purposes. The brown forest soils without limestone, which have the widest distribution in the study area, are generally found in areas dominated by forest and maquis formations, providing a suitable environment for vegetation. Data obtained from Kestel, Yenişehir Airport, and İznik stations were used to determine the climatic characteristics of the study area. Based on these data, including average temperature, average low and high temperatures, relative humidity, average precipitation, and wind measurements, the climate diagram and precipitation regime type of the area were determined. An Arid Mediterranean Climate is observed in Kestel, while Yenişehir and İznik have a Semi-arid Mediterranean Climate. According to the climate diagram of Kestel, December is the wettest and coldest month, while August is the hottest and driest month. The annual temperature difference is 15°C, and the dry period lasts from July to October. The heaviest rainfall generally occurs in the winter months. According to the climate diagram of Yenişehir, January is both the wettest and coldest month, while August is both the hottest and driest month. The dry period lasts from May to October. According to the İznik climate diagram, January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of around 6 °C. August is the hottest month, with an average temperature of around 24.8 °C. The dry period extends from June to October, while the rainy period lasts from October to May. The study area is located on the southern slopes of Katırlı Mountain and to the east of the Yenişehir Plain, hosting various vegetation types such as meadows, maquis, and forests. Grassland areas are observed up to an elevation of 200 meters, while between 200 and 500 meters, maquis, shrublands, and small trees are found. Above 500 meters, forested areas are present. Tree species such as Pinus brutia Ten., Quercus sp., and Pinus sp. are commonly observed in forested areas. Additionally, alongside natural vegetation, agricultural areas cover a significant portion of the landscape. Green areas within the village and agricultural lands constitute an important part of the non-native vegetation in the region. In these studies, a total of 378 species and subspecies belonging to 229 genera and 69 families were identified in Gölcük Village and its surroundings. Among these taxa, three belong to the Pteridophyta division, and 375 belong to the Spermatophyta division. Within the Spermatophyta division, four taxa belong to the Gymnospermae subclass, and 371 belong to the Angiospermae subclass. Among the remaining plants from the Angiospermae subclass, 333 belong to the Dicotyledonae class, and 38 belong to the Monocotyledonae class. The top five families with the highest genus diversity in the study area are Asteraceae with 36 different genera (15.72%), Apiaceae with 15 different genera (6.55%), Brassicaceae with 14 different genera (6.11%), Fabaceae with 12 different genera (5.24%), and Lamiaceae with 11 different genera (4.80%). Additionally, Rosaceae and Poaceae each have 10 different genera (4.37%), Ranunculaceae and Liliaceae each have 8 different genera (3.49%), and Boraginaceae has 7 different genera (3.06%). The top five families in terms of species and subspecies richness identified in the study area are Asteraceae with 58 taxa (15.34%), Fabaceae with 33 taxa (8.73%), Rosaceae with 23 taxa (6.08%), Lamiaceae with 23 taxa (6.08%), and Brassicaceae with 17 taxa (4.50%). Similarly, Apiaceae and Ranunculaceae each have 17 taxa (4.50%), Liliaceae and Poaceae each have 13 taxa (3.44%), and Scrophulariaceae has 11 taxa (2.91%). The genera with the highest taxonomic richness in the study area are Trifolium with 8 taxa (2.12%), Medicago with 6 taxa (1.59%), and Ranunculus with 6 taxa (1.59%), followed by Rumex, Geranium, Vicia, and Quercus, each with 5 taxa (1.32%), and Alyssum, Malva, and Lathyrus, each with 4 taxa (1.06%). The distribution and proportions of taxa according to phytogeographic regions are as follows: 63 taxa (16.67%) belong to the Mediterranean element, 50 taxa (13.23%) belong to the Euro-Siberian element, 5 taxa (1.32%) belong to the Irano-Turanian element, and 260 taxa (68.78%) belong to poly-regional or undefined regions. The study area lies in a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian phytogeographic regions, allowing for a mixture of different plant species. Climatic and topographic diversity support the presence of various plant species in this region. Transitional zones, being rich in biological diversity, harbor plant species from both the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian phytogeographic regions, as well as those belonging to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region. The connections between phytogeographic regions facilitate the spread of plant species from the Irano-Turanian Phytogeographic Region to these areas. These factors explain the presence of plant species belonging to the Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region in the study area. The classification of taxa based on life forms in the study area is as follows: Phanerophyte, 48 taxa (12.70%); Chamaephyte, 19 taxa (5.03%); Hemicryptophyte, 147 taxa (38.89%); Cryptophyte, 38 taxa (10.05%); Therophyte, 124 taxa (32.80%); and Vascular parasite, 2 taxa (0.53%). The number of endemic taxa is 4, with an endemism rate of 1.06% for the area. The endemism rate in our study area is considerably lower compared to the overall endemism rate in our country. Especially, the prevalence of hobby gardens in recent years, coupled with people's desire for nature and organic farming, leads to the destruction of natural vegetation for the purpose of agricultural land formation. This situation results in habitat destruction and, consequently, a decrease in endemic plant species. 06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103009 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103008 Acarlar longoz ormanı Phenopelopidae ve Punctoribatidae türleri üzerine sistematik araştırmalar = Systematic research on Phenopelopidae and Punctoribatidae species in acarlar floodplain forest Bilgin, Ayşenur Dünyamız birçok canlı türüne ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Sucul ekosistemlerde olduğu gibi karasal ekosistemlerde de canlı çeşitliliği oldukça yüksektir. Toprak, karasal ekosistemin karmaşık ve zengin canlı çeşitliliğine sahip en önemli alanlardır. Toprakta yaşayan eklembacaklıların yaklaşık % 50'si akarlardan oluşmaktadır. Oribatid akarlar, akarların en zengin gruplarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Oribatida takımına ait 162 familya ve 11 binin üzerinde tür bulunmaktadır. Oribatidler birçok ekolojik sistemin madde döngüsünde oldukça önemli rollere sahiptir. Oribatidler çok çeşitli habitatlarda bulunabilir: toprakta, çöplerde, bitkilerde (ağaç gölgelikleri dahil) ve bazı türler tatlı sularda yaşar. 10 cm derinliğe kadar orman toprağında yaklaşık yüz türü temsil eden birkaç yüz bin birey bulunabilir. Tüm oribatid akarlar serbest yaşar ve türlerin çoğu ayrıştırıcıdır. Bazı Oribatidlar mantarlarla, alglerle veya bakterilerle beslenir, bazıları ise omnivordur ve bazı türler aynı zamanda yırtıcıdır. Türlerin çoğu cinsel yolla ürer, ancak yaklaşık % 10' u partenogenetiktir. Gelişim süresi türe ve sıcaklığa bağlı olarak değişir; sıcak tropik iklimde yumurtadan erginliğe kadar tam gelişme bir ay sürebilir. Ilıman iklimde bu gelişme iki ay, Kuzey Kutbu'nda ise beş yıl sürebilir. Akarlar kanatsız olduğundan rüzgar, su veya göç eden kuşlara, böceklere veya diğer hayvanlara tutunarak başka yerlere taşınabilirler. Oribatidlerin vücut yapısı incelendiğinde sırt ve karın kısımlarında bulunan çeşitli bölgeler göze çarpmaktadır. Sırt görünümünde prodorsum ve notogaster, karın görünümünde ise genitoanal ve epimeral bölgeler bulunmaktadır. Yetişkinlerinde 8 bacak bulunduran oribatidler, bacaklarındaki ve diğer vücut kısımlarındaki kılların sayı, şekil ve yapıları sayesinde sistematik anlamda değerlendirilmeleri yapılabilmektedir. Vücut şekli genellikle oval veya yuvarlak, bazen silindirik veya dikdörtgen şeklindedir. Larva altı bacaklı (3 çift), diğer üç nimf (gençlik) aşaması ve erginler ise sekiz bacaklı (4 çift) olmaktadır. Bacaklar genellikle beş serbest bölümden oluşur. Prodorsum, notogaster ve uzuvlarında çeşitli kıl çiftleri bulundururlar. Yetişkinlerin notogaster'ı, pteromorf adı verilen bir çift yan kanat benzeri uzantıya sahip olabilir. Bir yetişkinin ventral yönünde bir genital ve bir anal plaka ve bazen de bir agenital ve bir adanal plaka bulunur. Bazı familyalarda agenital ve adanal plakalar ventral plaka adı verilen tek bir plaka oluşturur. Bu plakların üzerinde bulunan setalara genital, anal, aggenital ve adanal seta adı verilir. Tüm eklembacaklılarda olduğu gibi, oribatid akarlar ergin aşamasında genellikle çok güçlü olan tek katmanlı bir epidermis üzerinde kitin yapılı bir kütiküle sahiptir. Dünyada Oribatidler üzerine birçok çalışma bulunmakta iken ülkemizde yeteri kadar çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Ekolojik açıdan oldukça önemli rollere sahip olan akarlar ülkemizde bilimsel çalışmalarda daha fazla yer almalıdır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin tek parça halindeki en büyük longoz (subasar) olan Acarlar Longoz Ormanında bulunan toprak akarları faunustik açıdan ilk kez incelenmiştir. Punctoribatidae ve Phenopelopidae (Acari; Oribatida) familyalarına ait türlerinin belirlenerek Türkiye akar faunasına katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Toprak örnekleri Acarlar Longoz Ormanı'ndan 2022 yılı Mayıs ayında toplanmıştır. Longozun çeşitli yerlerinden alınan örnekler dikkatli bir şekilde poşetlenerek laboratuvara getirilmiştir. Örnekler laboratuvarda Berlese- Tullgren hunisine yerleştirilmiş ve akar örnekleri %70' lik etil alkol çözeltisine düşürülmüştür. Akarlar ışık mikroskobunda pipet ve iğneyle ayrıştırılmış ve elektron mikroskobunda fotoğrafları çekilerek teşhis edilmiştir. Dünyada Punctoribatidae familyasında 12 cinse ait 101 tür ve Phenopelopidae familyasının 4 cinste 99 türü vardır. Türkiye'den daha önce Punctoribatidae familyasına ait 5 tür ve Phenopelopidae familyasına ait 8 tür kaydedilmiştir. Bu araştırma sırasında Acarlar longoz ormanından Punctoribatidae ve Phenopelopidae familyalarına ait üç tür kaydedilmiştir. Punctoribates (Minguezetes) palustris (Banks, 1895)( Punctoribatidae) ve Peloptulus (Sacculoptulus) sacculiferus (Weigmann, 2008) (Phenopelopidae) türleri Türkiye'de ilk kez kaydedilmiştir. Minunthozetes (M.) semirufus (Koch, 1841) (Punctoribatidae) türü ise Türkiye'nin Karadeniz bölgesinden daha önce kaydedilmiştir. Türlerin SEM görüntüleri tezde sunulmuştur. Minunthozetes (M.) semirufus türü Palearktik bölge ve Kanada'da yayılış gösteren ve daha önce Türkiye'den Giresun ve Samsun illerinde tespit edilmiş olan bir türdür (Bayartogtokh ve ark., 2002). Bu tür çayırlar, meralar, otlaklar ve toprak yüzeyi yosunlarında bol miktarda bulunur (Seniczak ve ark., 2018). Kızılağaç (Alnus) altındaki çimenli toprakta bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada Minunthozetes (M.) semirufus örneklerinin ortalama vücut büyüklüğü Bayartogtokh ve ark., (2002) ile uyumludur ancak Bayartogtokh ve ark., (2002) göre Avrupa örneklerinden daha küçüktür. Punctoribates (Minguezetes) palustris, Nearktik (sık) ve Batı Palearktik (İtalya ve Kafkaslar) bölgelerde yayılış gösterir (Subías, 2004; 2023 güncellemesi). Türkiye'den ilk kez bu çalışmayla kayıt altına alınmıştır. Punctoribates (Minguezetes) palustris türünün bataklıklardan ve su basmış ormanlardan görüldüğü rapor edilmiştir (Murvanidze ve Mumladze, 2016). Bu çalışmada da örneğimizin subasan ormanından kaydedilmiştir. Peloptulus (Sacculoptulus) sacculiferus daha önce yalnızca tip lokalitesinden; denize komşu çayır ve çalı bitki örtüsü ile lagün ve nehir kıyısı habitatlarda, Portekiz kıyı bölgesinden kaydedilmiştir. Bizim örneklerimiz de kıyı bölgesindeki taşkın yatağından kaydedildi. Ortalama vücut uzunluğu ve vücut genişliği Weigmann (2008) ile yakından benzemektedir. Bu Peloptulus (Sacculoptulus) sacculiferus'un dünyadaki ikinci kaydıdır. Daha önce yalnızca Portekiz'den kaydedilmiştir (Weigmann, 2008; Subías, 2004, 2023 güncellemesi) dolayısıyla Akdeniz dağılıma sahip olduğu söylenebilir.; Body and limb hairs are, in principle, constructed in generally the same way as in arthropods, with the exception of various sensory setae. They consist of chitin with proportions of the refractive substance actinopylene and are formed by special epidermal cells. Their shapes and surface designs can be very different and are important for determining genus and species. Adult notogaster may have a pair of lateral wing-like appendages called pteromorphs. An adult has a genital and an anal plate on the ventral aspect, and sometimes an agenital and an adanal plate. In some families, the aggenital and adanal plates form a single plate called the ventral plate. The setae located on these plates are called genital, anal, aggenital and adanal setae. The notogaster of adult Oribatida is strongly chitinized, which is often interpreted as a protective function against enemies. In some, Notogaster is divided by transverse grooves that are not strictly segmentally arranged. Partial shields can be more or less overlapping, preserving mobility without reducing protective function. Like all arthropods, the oribatid integument has a chitin-structured cuticle over a single-layered epidermis that is usually very strong in the adult stage. The cuticle consists of an epicuticle as well as a multilayered procuticle of chitin and other components. The procuticle has numerous pore cenals that usually end below the epicuticle; They may contain wax. The cuticle can also be hardened with carbonates, oxalates and metal salts. While there are many studies on Oribatids in the world, there are not enough studies in Türkiye. Oribatida, which have very important roles, should be more involved in scientific studies in Türkiye. This is the biggest aim of our work. In this study, soil acari found in the Acarlar floodplain forest, which is the largest floodplain in were investigated faunistically for the first time. It is aimed to contribute to the mite fauna of Turkey by determining the species belonging to the families Punctoribatidae and Phenopelopidae (Acari; Oribatida). The samples are collected in may 2022 Acarlar floodplain forest. Sakarya is a province located in the eastern part of the Marmara region and possesses a rich diversity of living organisms. Sakarya is influenced by the climatic conditions prevailing in the Black Sea and Marmara regions. It is very rich in terms of natural vegetation. The mountains, which are extensions of the northern Anatolian coastal mountains, are covered with dense forests. Besides meadows and mountain pastures, various maquis areas with predominant species such as blackberry, blueberry, and kermes oak are observed in the foothills of the mountains and plateaus. In Sakarya, both large and small-scale animal husbandry are practiced. The district where our research area is located is Karasu. Karasu District marks the end of the Western Black Sea region and the beginning of the Marmara region. The Acarlar Longoz Forest is a typical coastal barrier lake in terms of its formation. It is bordered by dunes, reaching heights of 20–25 meters, between it and the Black Sea, while it is surrounded to the south by low hills averaging about 100 meters in height. It is located 6 km west of the Sakarya River and its excess waters flow into the Sakarya River through the Okçu Stream. It is situated 2 km inland from the sea. The rare subaerial forest ecosystem in Türkiye was designated as a 1st-degree Natural Site Area under protection by the decision of the Bursa Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Board in 1998. Additionally, the area was considered as a dissemination area for the Biological Diversity and Natural Resource Conservation project conducted in the İğne Ada Longoz area. An area of 1576 hectares was declared as a 'Wildlife Conservation Area' by the General Directorate in 1976 with the aim of protecting partridges and waterfowl. At the beginning of 2004, the boundaries of the area were re-evaluated and reorganized, and it was re-registered as a 'Wildlife Development Area' with adjusted boundaries of 2517 hectares.the forest area. Species such as hornbeam, alder, beech, and black alder are common. The Lake Bulb and Water Violet are endemic species found only in the Acarlar Lake in our country. Fish species like carp, rudd, and carp bream are present. Additionally, the fauna is enriched by animals such as rabbits, foxes, wild boars, kestrels, falcons, and squirrels. It is especially a breeding and wintering area for migratory birds. According to bird sighting studies, it has been determined that 235 different bird species live in the Acarlar Lake Wildlife Conservation Area. The Longoz is the only Wildlife Development Area in Sakarya. In 2009, it was designated as a Wetland Area and a plan was developed for it. In this study the soil samples taken from various parts of the floodplain were carefully bagged and brought to the laboratory. The samples were placed in the Berlese-Tullgren funnel in the laboratory and the mite samples were dropped into 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The samples were then with the help of a pipette and needle under a light microscope and identified by taking photographs under an electron microscope. Specimens belonging to the families Punctoribatidae and Phenopelopidae were found. There are 101 species in 12 genera in the Punctoribatidae family and 99 species in 4 genera in the Phenopelopidae family. 5 species belonging to the Punctoribatidae family and 8 species belonging to the Phenopelopidae family have been previously recorded from Turkey. Three species belonging to families Punctoribatidae and Phenopelopidae are recorded from Acarlar floodplain forest during this research. The species Minunthozetes (M.) semirufus (Koch, 1841)(Punctoribatidae) previously recorded from Blacksea region of Türkiye, Punctoribates (Minguezetes) palustris (Banks, 1895)(Punchoribatidae) and Peloptulus (Sacculoptulus) sacculiferus (Weigmann, 2008)(Phenopelopidae) are firstly recorded from Türkiye. SEM images of the species are presented. Minunthozetes (M.) semirufus is a species distributed in the Palearctic region and Canada and was previously known from Giresun and Samsun provinces of Turkey (Bayartogtokh et al., 2002). This species is abundant in meadows, pastures, pastures, and soil surface mosses (Seniczak et al., 2018). It was found in the grassy soil under an Alnus tree. In this study, the average body size of Minunthozetes (M.) semirufus samples is consistent with Bayartogtokh et al. (2002), but is smaller than European samples according to Bayartogtokh et al. (2002). Punctoribates (Minguezetes) palustris indicates Nearctic (common) and Western Palearctic (Italy and Caucasus) (Subías, 2004; 2023 update). It was recorded for the first time in Turkiye with this study. Punctoribates (Minguezetes) palustris species have been reported to be seen in swamps and flooded forests (Mumladze and Murvanidze, 2016). It was recorded from the floodplain forest of our sample. Peloptulus (Sacculoptulus) sacculiferus was previously recorded only from the type locality; from the coastal region of Portugal, habitats adjacent to the sea, lagoon and river banks with meadow and shrub vegetation. Our samples were also recorded from the floodplain in the coastal region. Average body length and body width are closely similar to Weigmann (2008). This is the second record of Peloptulus (Sacculoptulus) sacculiferus in the world. It was previously recorded only from Portugal (Subías, 2004, 2023 update; Weigmann, 2008). Therefore, it can be said that it has a Mediterranean distribution. 06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103008 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103006 Çocukların matematik, dil ve görsel algı becerilerinin geliştirilmesinde oyunlaştırmanın etkisinin araştırılması = Exploring the impact of gamification on the development of children's mathematical, language, and visual perception skills Bayraktar, Özlem Civelek Bu tez, çocukların eğitim süreçlerini zenginleştirmek ve gelişimlerini desteklemek isteyen herkes için önemli bir kaynak olabilir ve oyunlaştırma konusundaki araştırma alanına yeni bir bakış açısı sunabilir. Bu çalışmada, çocukların matematik, dil ve görsel algı becerilerine katkıda bulunmak için Unity3D oyun motoru kullanılarak mobil uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Araştırma, 48-66 ay aralığındaki çocukları hedef almakta olup, geliştirilen eğitim uygulamasının tasarımı, uygulanması ve etkililiğinin değerlendirilmesini içermektedir. Uygulama, temel kavramları, sayıları, renkleri ve şekilleri içeren zengin bir içeriğe sahiptir. Çalışmanın merkezinde, çocukların oyunlar ve eğitimlerden elde ettikleri ve "Firebase Realtime Database"e kaydettiğimiz verileri bulunmaktadır. Bu veriler, çocukların oyunlar üzerinden elde ettikleri etkileşimleri temsil eder. Araştırma, ön test-son test yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anaokulu ortamında çocuklara uygulama içinde sunulan oyunlar aracılığıyla bir ön test gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu testin sonuçları dikkatle kaydedilmiştir. Veri tabanında saklanan bu ön test sonuçları, çocukların başlangıç seviyelerini belirleme konusunda önemli bir referans sağlamıştır. Ardından belirli bir süre boyunca çocuklar, uygulamanın "Eğitimler" bölümündeki içeriklere erişim sağlamış ve yaşlarına uygun olarak sunulan renkler, temel kavramlar, şekiller ve sayılar eğitimlerini tamamlamışlardır. Bu süreç, çocukların bilgi düzeylerindeki potansiyel değişiklikleri değerlendirmek amacıyla belirli aralıklarla kontrol edilmiştir. Son test, aynı çocuk grubu üzerinde "Oyunlar" bölümündeki oyunları tekrar oynamalarını içermektedir. Bu son test, çocukların uygulama sürecinde edindikleri bilgileri ne kadar etkili bir şekilde pekiştirdiklerini ölçme amacını taşımaktadır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi, grafikler kullanılarak görsel olarak ifade edilmiş, çocukların ön test ve son testte elde ettikleri puanlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında geliştirilen eğitim uygulamasının etkisinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla anaokullarında gerçekleştirilen test ve analiz sürecinde elde edilen bulgular, oyunlaştırmanın çocukların gelişimine sağladığı katkıyı anlamamıza ve gelecekteki eğitim stratejilerini şekillendirmemize ışık tutacaktır.; In today's world, new approaches and technological solutions focused on children's education are being developed to make the learning process more effective and enjoyable. Particularly targeting the education of children in the preschool period, this effort aims to enhance children's mathematical, linguistic, and visual perception skills in a fun and effective manner through a Unity-based mobile application. It also aims to enrich children's learning experiences by leveraging the opportunities offered by modern educational technologies. The development of children's mathematical, linguistic, and visual perception skills is an important goal of our education system. Enhancing these skills not only improves children's academic achievement but also fosters their lifelong learning abilities. Therefore, educators are constantly researching how students can learn and develop these skills. Preschool education aims to support children's cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development. Therefore, it is important to create an engaging and fun learning environment that captures children's interest. This is where educational mobile games come into play. Educational mobile games serve as a tool to support children's learning process and enable them to learn while having fun. These games help children develop various skills such as problem-solving, attention, memory, and hand-eye coordination. Additionally, their colorful graphics, engaging stories, and simple user interfaces capture children's attention and enhance their motivation. Educational mobile games can be used in various areas of preschool education. For example, games can be developed for subjects such as mathematics, science, language, and social skills. Through games, children can practice counting, perform simple mathematical operations, learn about animal characteristics, and even acquire foreign languages. This study focuses on only a few of these learning domains, incorporating educational content in sections that include shapes, concepts, colors, numbers, and songs. However, it should be remembered that educational mobile games are not sufficient on their own. Games can be used to support children's learning process, but face-to-face interactions and real-life experiences are also important for children's development. Therefore, educational mobile games should be used as just one tool in preschool education. This study aims to investigate the impact of gamification on improving children's mathematical, linguistic, and visual perception skills. The developed mobile application based on the Unity3D game engine targets children aged 48-66 months and offers a rich content including fundamental concepts, numbers, colors, and shapes. The study evaluates the interactions children have with the application using a pre-test-post-test method and analyzes children's learning processes by recording these data into a database. This research aims to provide a significant contribution to understanding the potential of gamification in children's education and shaping future educational strategies. The participants of the study consist of children enrolled in Şehit Erol Olçok Preschool, aged between 48 and 66 months. A total of 36 children engaged in playing games on the application and completed the content in the educational section during the course of this study. These children, who participated in both the pre-test and post-test stages of the study, were selected to evaluate the effects of the mobile gamification application. The primary criteria for selecting this participant group included covering children within the specified age range, encompassing children receiving education in a preschool environment, and obtaining parental consent. Participants formed the focal point of the study by engaging in playing games and completing the content in the educational section during the research process, thereby contributing data collection. Within the scope of the research, personal information provided by parents or educators on the entry screen of the application, such as the student's name and age, was collected with great emphasis on the confidentiality of the students. These data are stored and analyzed solely for the purposes of the research. The voice feature is utilized in the application to enhance the learning experience by addressing students by name. However, this voice data is solely used for interaction within the application and is not shared externally in any way. Additionally, ethical approvals and permissions were obtained for this research, including parental consent forms, survey approval forms, and necessary permissions from the Ministry of National Education. Thus, the highest level of precaution has been taken to ensure the security and confidentiality of student data. The research examined the impact of gamification methods on developing children's mathematical, linguistic, and visual perception skills. This study allowed for the collection of qualitative data to understand participants' experiences in more detail. A pre-test-post-test control group design was employed in this research. The pre-test conducted on children aged 48-66 months in a preschool environment included scores obtained from games within the application, followed by completing the education section covering colors, concepts, shapes, and numbers as specified. The post-test comprised scores obtained from replaying the games in the game section by the same group of children. The results of the study have helped evaluate the potential impact of gamification on enhancing children's educational skills. In this research, the designed mobile application was implemented on a total of 36 students across three separate classes in the preschool. The study was conducted during activity hours without disrupting the class schedule, and three tablets were used for efficient progress. On the first day, students were given the opportunity to play four games in the "Games" section, with each student allocated a time frame ranging from 5 to 10 minutes. The scores obtained from these games were recorded in the database as the students' pre-test scores. Subsequently, the training sessions on Colors, Concepts, Shapes, and Numbers in the "Educations" section were completed on separate days within specific time intervals. After completing the training sessions, students replayed the same games to obtain scores, which were recorded as their post-test scores. Once the pre-test and post-test scores for each student from these four separate sections were transferred from the database to Excel, separate t-test results were obtained for the "Colors," "Concepts," "Shapes," and "Numbers" sections. The statistical results obtained during the application process indicate significant progress in the areas of Colors, Concepts, Shapes, and Numbers for the students. The differences between the pre-test and post-test scores in these sections suggest a positive impact of the application on learning in these areas. The enthusiastic participation of students and their willingness to play the games suggest an increase in overall satisfaction with the application. The differences between the pre-test (119.79) and post-test (146.80) scores in the sections of Colors, Concepts, Shapes, and Numbers are statistically significant. This indicates that the application is effective in increasing students' knowledge levels in these four sections. However, according to the t-test results obtained for the Games section, the difference between pre-test and post-test scores of the games is not statistically significant (p=0.821). This suggests that the games did not have an impact on student performance. One possible reason for this could be that students played the games using previously acquired knowledge. Individual differences among students and varying levels of difficulty in some sections suggest that the content of the application should be more personalized. This research evaluated the impact of a Unity3D game engine-based mobile application named "Minik Eller" designed to improve children's mathematical, linguistic, and visual perception skills. The results of the study indicate that the application positively influenced children's educational skills. Children have achieved significant gains in mathematical concepts, language skills, and visual perception through the educational games within the application. The t-test analyses conducted indicate that children experienced meaningful development in mathematical, linguistic, and visual perception skills during the application process. These observations suggest that the gamification principles of the application were effectively implemented, but there is room for improvement in terms of content and design. The results emphasize the importance of educators and developers utilizing gamification methods when designing educational materials for children. Such applications are seen as effective tools in supporting children's learning processes and have the potential to guide the shaping of future educational strategies. This study aims to provide an inspirational resource for other researchers, educators, and educational technology developers focused on children's education, enabling them to better understand the pedagogical effects of gamification and to use these methods in developing educational materials for children. 06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103006 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103007 Hava kanallı rüzgar türbini kanat tasarımının aerodinamik verime etkisinin deneysel incelenmesi = Experimental İnvestigation of the effect of air ducted wind turbine design on aerodinamic efficiency Duran, Adem Akın Rüzgar enerjisi, temiz ve yenilenebilir bir enerji kaynağı olarak dünya genelinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu enerji kaynağını elektrik enerjisine dönüştürmek amacıyla kullanılan rüzgar türbinlerinin verimliliği, özellikle kanatların aerodinamik performansına bağlıdır. Kanatlar üzerindeki basınç ve viskoz kuvvetler, türbinin rotorunda üretilen torku doğrudan etkiler. Bu çalışmada, kanatlara açılan hava kanallarının viskoz kuvvetler üzerindeki etkisi incelenmekte olup ve optimum performans için ideal hava kanalı sayısını belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada öncelikle hava kanalı bulunmayan bir kanat tasarlanmış, ardından 5, 10 ve 15 hava kanallı kanatlar deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Her kanat geometrisi için elde edilen verilerle güç katsayıları hesaplanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Aynı jeneratör üzerinde ve aynı yataklama sistemi kullanılarak farklı hava kanalı sayılarına sahip kanatlar çalıştırılmıştır. Güç katsayısı belirlenirken, kanata etki eden rüzgar hızı, jeneratör çıkış gerilimi ve çıkış akımı gibi parametreler ölçülmüştür. Rüzgar hızı ölçümü için kanat önüne anemometre yerleştirilmiş ve jeneratör çıkışındaki gerilim ve akım parametreleri deney düzeneğiyle ölçülmüştür. Her kanat için güç katsayıları, farklı açısal hızlarda incelenmiş ve bu verilere göre analiz edilmiştir. Türbin kanatına ait açısal hızın belirlenmesi için jeneratör çıkış frekansı ölçülerek senkron makinelere ait senkron hız eşitliği kullanılmıştır. Rüzgar kaynağının çalışma frekansı bir sürücü yardımıyla değiştirilerek kanat üzerinde farklı rüzgar hızları elde edilmiş ve türbin kanatının farklı açısal hızlarda dönmesi sağlanmıştır. Taguchi metodolojisi kullanılarak, hava kanalı sayısı ve kanat açısal hızı kontrol edilebilir değişkenler olarak seçilmiş ve optimum kanat tasarımı belirlenmiştir. Açılan hava kanallarıyla beraber kısmi basınç kuvveti kaybı yaşansa da, ekstra viskoz kuvvetlerle kanat performansı arttırılmıştır. Hava kanalsız kanat ile kıyaslandığında daha düşük açısal hızlarda yaklaşık %1'lik bir performans artışı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, aerodinamik optimizasyon ve viskoz kuvvetlerin etkili kullanımıyla tasarlanan hava kanallı kanatlar, rüzgar enerjisi türbinlerinin verimliliğini artırmak için önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Gelecekteki çalışmalar, farklı hava kanalı düzenlemelerinin ve aerodinamik iyileştirmelerin daha da verimliliği artırıp artıramayacağını incelemeye odaklanabilir. Bu metin, rüzgar enerjisi teknolojilerindeki mühendislik çalışmalarının önemini vurgulayarak, yenilenebilir enerjiye yönelik sürdürülebilir çözümler arayan araştırmacılar ve endüstri uzmanları için bir kaynak sağlamaktadır.; Electricity generation from wind energy has become increasingly popular in our country and around the world in recent years. This intense interest in wind energy has led to an increase in studies on wind turbine performances. The aerodynamic performance of the wing is extremely effective on the power produced by wind turbines used to obtain electrical energy from wind energy. Pressure and viscous forces on the blade have a direct effect on the torque produced in the rotor. In this study, the effect of changing viscous forces on the wing performance was investigated, although there was a decrease in the pressure force acting on the wing by opening an air channel on the wing. As a result of experimental observations, the optimum number of air ducts that can operate at optimum angular speed was examined. In determining the optimum wing design, the largest power coefficient value (C_p) of the wings was taken into account. Within the scope of this thesis, an experimental setup was created to examine the performance of wings without air ducts, with 5 air ducts, with 10 air ducts and with 15 air ducts. The wings, which differ only in the number of air channels, are coupled to the synchronous generator via the same bearing device, and the same load is connected to the generator output for each wing design. The load connected to the synchronous generator output was chosen to allow the wide operating speed range of the generator. During the experiment phase, electrical outputs read from the generator were used to determine the power coefficient (C_p) and angular velocity values of the wind turbines. Since the power coefficient value is the ratio of the power obtained in the turbine rotor to the power that can be obtained from the wind, the wind speed to which the blade was exposed was measured by placing an anemometer in front of the blades to determine the wind power. Thus, since the area swept by the wing was known, the wind power acting on the wing was found by using the cube of the wind speed. While calculating the power in the turbine rotor, generator internal impedances and line impedances were neglected and the power drawn from the delta connected load was taken as reference. Neglecting friction and wind losses, core losses, copper losses and other losses, the mechanical power of the generator rotor is considered equal to the electrical power measured on the load. For the electrical power measured on the load, measurement was made on one phase since the system works with a balanced and three-phase load. The generator output voltage was measured with the help of a voltmeter connected in parallel to the load, and the output current was measured with the help of an ammeter connected in series with the load. Generator output power was found using the measured parameters. The measuring instruments used are those that measure RMS quantities. While determining the speed of the rotor blades, the synchronous speed formula used in synchronous generators was used. The synchronous speed formula gives information that the output frequency changes according to the rotor speed in generators with a known number of pole pairs. When the synchronous speed formula is rearranged, the speed information in rpm of the generators whose frequency is measured can be obtained. Since it is known that the synchronous generator used in this experimental study has 6 pole pairs, the turbine rotor speed was determined using the frequency value measured at the generator output. The determined data were converted into cycles per second and used in the study. When the experimental data were examined, it was seen that the wing with 5 air ducts reached lower speeds at the same wind speed compared to the wing without air ducts. In addition, the maximum power coefficient it produces is lower than the wing without air ducts. The largest power coefficient produced for the wing with 10 air ducts is almost the same as the largest power coefficient of the wing without air ducts. It has been observed that the wing with 15 air channels has a largest power coefficient slightly higher. Using the data obtained, power coefficient graphs corresponding to the number of revolutions were created for each wing. When the graphs are examined, it is seen that a different polynomial trend line is formed for each wing. This has shown that while the power coefficient value of the air ducts opened in the wings changes, it also causes changes in the working regions of the wings. Taking the largest power coefficient value of the wing without air ducts as a reference, a polynomial trend line was created for the points where the wings with air ducts gave the largest power coefficient. Based on the trend line, a prediction can also be made for a wing design with 20 air ducts. It was estimated that the power coefficient for the wing with 20 air ducts would produce a lower power coefficient than the design with 15 air ducts. Using the trendline equation, it was found that the peak value of the trendline would result in the largest power coefficient for the 13 air duct design. Since this thesis is the product of an experimental study, the availability of measurement instruments used to obtain data in the experiments made error analysis necessary. By determining the criteria used when determining the experimental data, an attempt was made to reach conclusions about the degrees and amounts of errors. The error values of the measured quantities were calculated theoretically, assuming that there was no error during the manufacturing of the measuring instruments used in the experiment, and using the error values promised by the manufacturer companies and experimental experiences. As a result, there is an uncertainty of 4.3% for the power coefficient (C_p) values obtained as a result of the measured experimental parameters. It was decided to use the Taguchi method to find the most optimum solution for turbines with blade designs. For the designed turbine blades, blade design and blade angular speed that may affect the electrical power obtained from wind energy are discussed. The number of air channels on the rotor blade and the rotor angular speed were selected as controllable factors. The controllable variable was intended to be optimized with relatively less experimental work using the Taguchi method. The optimization phase was started by using the test data obtained from the experimental setup. Two-parameter four-level Taguchi method was used for optimization. The first parameter was the number of air ducts designed before the experiment, while the second parameter was determined as the angular speed values of the wind turbine. In this study, the effect of the number of air ducts and angular velocity on wind turbine blades on blade performance was determined using the Taguchi method. According to the Taguchi method, it has been determined that the wing with 15 air ducts has the most efficient operating state when operating at a speed of 6 rps. The operating conditions and wing design obtained as a result of optimization can operate with 15.13% efficiency in the system. Air ducts opened in the wing cause a decrease in the air pressure acting on the wing. It also changes the viscous forces acting on the wing. According to the measurement values, the wing with 5 air channels gives the largest power coefficient (C_p) value of 0.1336 at an angular speed of approximately 6.6 rps. The wing with 10 air channels gives the largest power coefficient (C_p) value of 0.1502 at an angular speed of approximately 6.3 rps. The wing with 15 air channels gives the largest power coefficient (C_p) value of 0.1508 at an angular speed of approximately 6.2 rps. The largest power coefficient for the wing without air ducts is approximately 0.1498 at 6.8 rps. When the results are examined, it is seen that the air ducts opened in the wings change the working regions of the wings. It is seen that the air ducts opened in the wings first reduce the power coefficient value, and then, as the number of air ducts increases, the power coefficient increases. It has been observed that the increase in the number of air ducts in the designed wings brings the region where the wings have the largest power coefficient to lower speeds. As a result of the optimization, it was determined that the design with 15 air ducts had a performance increase of approximately 1% at 6 rps compared to the design without air ducts. For the area swept by the wing used in this study, there is approximately 142 W energy in the wind beam with a speed of 8 m/s. This 1% increase in the power coefficient provides an additional 1.42 W energy gain in the generator rotor. In addition, the fact that the 15 air duct design gives the highest power coefficient value at lower speeds compared to other blades can prevent problems caused by noise and vibrations in terms of working conditions. 06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12619/103007 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z