A puzzle over ecological footprint, energy consumption and economic growth: the case of Turkey

Abstract

The paper investigates the non-linear causality from energy consumption and economic growth to ecological footprint for the case of Turkey by employing ARDL Models and ECM-Based Granger Causality over the period from 1961 to 2016. The major contribution of the article to the literature is that (i) the data period of the empirical analysis of the study is much longer than the one of the other studies for the case of Turkey; (ii) ecological footprint, which has been rarely used in the studies for the same case is taken as a sophisticated proxy of environmental degradation; (iii) it is found that the sophisticated key term 'awareness' needs much more multidisciplinary attention and wider mind maps as the causality from energy consumption to ecological footprint has U-shape; (iv) the non-linear causality is investigated and the complicated puzzle is discussed in the framework of a wide and coherent mind map.