Bu çalışmada askeri harcamalar, ekonomik büyüme ve çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişki Türkiye için 1961-2016 dönemi verileri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada değişkenlerin durağanlık dereceleri yumuşak yapısal kırılmalara izin veren Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller birim kök testi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Birim kök sonuçları değişkenlerin seviyelerinde birim köklü iken birinci farklarında farklı anlamlılık düzeylerinde durağan olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ise TodaYamamoto nedensellik testinin yanında literatüre yeni kazandırılmış yapısal kırılmalara izin veren Fourier Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre yalnızca ekonomik büyüme ile askeri harcamalar arasında bir nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen nedenselliğin yönü ise ekonomik büyümeden askeri harcamalara doğrudur. Diğer değişkenler arasında ise bir nedensellik tespit edilememiştir. Tespit edilen nedensel ilişkinin yapısal kırılmalara izin veren Fourier Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi kullanılarak tespit edilmiş olması yapısal kırılmaların nedensel ilişkilerdeki önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın genel sonuçlarına göre sürdürülebilir bir ekonomik büyümenin askeri harcamalara kaynak olması bakımından önemli olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuçların politika yapıcılar için yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir.
In this study, the relationship between military expenditure, economic growth,_x000D_
and environmental pollution were examined for Turkey for the period 1961-_x000D_
2016. Stationary degrees of the variables in the study were investigated using_x000D_
the Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, which allowed smooth_x000D_
structural breaks. The results show that all the variables are stationary at the first_x000D_
differences while they have a unit root at the levels. In the study, causality_x000D_
between variables was investigated using the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality_x000D_
test, which allows smooth structural breaks and traditional Toda-Yamamoto_x000D_
causality test. According to the causality test results, there was a causality_x000D_
between economic growth and military spending. The direction of causality_x000D_
detected is from economic growth to military spending. On the other hand, there_x000D_
was no causal relationships between other variables for both tests. The_x000D_
determination of the causality detected using the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto_x000D_
causality test shows the importance of structural breaks in causal relationships._x000D_
As a result of the study, it is seen that a sustainable economic growth is_x000D_
important in terms of being a source of military expenditures. These results are_x000D_
expected to be a guide for policy makers.
In this study, the relationship between military expenditure, economic growth, and environmental pollution were examined for Turkey for the period 1961- 2016. Stationary degrees of the variables in the study were investigated using the Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, which allowed smooth structural breaks. The results show that all the variables are stationary at the first differences while they have a unit root at the levels. In the study, causality between variables was investigated using the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test, which allows smooth structural breaks and traditional Toda-Yamamoto causality test. According to the causality test results, there was a causality between economic growth and military spending. The direction of causality detected is from economic growth to military spending. On the other hand, there was no causal relationships between other variables for both tests. The determination of the causality detected using the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test shows the importance of structural breaks in causal relationships. As a result of the study, it is seen that a sustainable economic growth is important in terms of being a source of military expenditures. These results are expected to be a guide for policy makers.
