Buhara Hanlığı ve Afganistan

Abstract

1500-1920 yılları arasında hüküm süren Buhara Hanlığı, Osmanlı Devleti’nden sonra en uzun süre yaşayan Türk-İslam Devleti’dir. Mâverâünnehr merkezli kurulan hanlığın yayıldığı topraklardan birisi de, bugünkü Kuzey Afganistan’dır. Afganistan toprakları 16. yüzyılın başında Timurlu Devleti’nin tamamen dağılması ile birlikte üç nüfuz bölgesine ayrılmıştı. Batısı Safevi Devleti’nin kontrolü altındayken, doğusu Babürlü Devleti’ne tabiydi. Kuzeyi ise inceleme konumuz olan Buhara Hanlığı hâkimiyetine girmiştir. Hanlığın kurucusu Muhammed Şibanî Han, 1505 yılında Belh, 1507 yılında da Timurlu başkenti olan Herat’ı ilhak ederek Kuzey Afganistan topraklarının büyük bir kısmına sahip olmuştur. Ancak onun ölümüyle birlikte bu topraklar terk edilmek durumunda kalınsa da, 1526’da Belh şehri ve çevresi, Canıbek’in oğlu Kistan Kara Sultan tarafından Buhara Hanlığı’na tabi kılınmıştır. Bu tarihten itibaren Belh, Buhara Hanlığı’nın Buhara, Semerkand ve Taşkent ile birlikte dört önemli ana yönetim bölgesinden biri olmuştur. II. Abdullah Han (1583-1598) döneminde Bedehşan, Kunduz, Talukan ve Kulab ele geçirilerek hanlık sınırları neredeyse Kabil’e kadar dayanmıştır. Ancak Buhara Hanlığı’nın Afganistan topraklarındaki hâkimiyeti inişli çıkışlı olmuş, burayı kesintisiz bir şekilde elde tutmak mümkün olmamıştır. En uzun soluklu hüküm sürülen yer Belh olmuş, özellikle Tukay-Timurlular (Astrahanîler, Canıoğulları) Hanedanı döneminde ise burası hanlık veliahdının yönetim merkezi yapılmıştır. Burada başkentten nispeten özerk hareket eden veliaht, merkezî yönetimi oldukça zaafa uğratmıştır. Bu makalede Nadir Şah’ın 1737 yılında Belh, 1738 yılında da Bedehşan’ı ele geçirmesine kadar Kuzey Afganistan’daki Buhara Hanlığı’nın hâkimiyetini, bu hâkimiyeti kaybetmemek için de zaman zaman Safevi Devleti ve Babürlü Devleti ile çatışması işlenecektir.

The Khanate of Bukhara, which reigned between 1500 and 1920, was the longest surviving TurkishIslamic State after the Ottoman Empire. The Khanate, founded in Ma Wara al-Nahr, had the opportunity to spread in the northern Afghanistan. The territory of Afghanistan was divided into three zones of influence after the complete dissolution of the Timurid Empire at the beginning of the 16th century. The west was under the control of the Safavid State, while the east was subordinated to the Baburid Empire. The northern part was dominated by the Khanate of Bukhara. As Muhammad Shibani Khan, the founder of the khanate, acquired Balkh in 1505 and Herat, the capital of Timurids, in 1507, he conquered a large part of the territory of Northern Afghanistan. However, with his death, although these lands were abandoned, the city of Balkh and its environs were subjected to the Khanate of Bukhara by Kistan Kara Sultan, son of Janibek, in 1526. Since then, Balkh has been one of the four main administrative regions of the Khanate of Bukhara, together with Bukhara, Samarkand and Tashkent. During the reign of Abdullah Khan II (1583-1598), Badakhshan, Qunduz, Talukan and Qulab were captured and the khanate borders were almost extended as far as Kabul. However, the dominance of the Khanate of Bukhara on the territory of Afghanistan has been fluctuating, and it has not been possible to keep it uninterruptedly. The longest ruled place became Balkh, especially during the reign of the TuqaiTimurids (Astrakhanids, Janids). Here, the heir, relatively autonomous from the capital, has weakened quite the central administration. In this article, it will be discussed the Bukharan hegemony in Northern Afghanistan, and its conflicts with the Safavid State and the Baburid Empire from time to time in order to avoid losing that hegemony until Nader Shah seized Balkh in 1737 and Badakhshan in 1738.

The Khanate of Bukhara, which reigned between 1500 and 1920, was the longest surviving TurkishIslamic State after the Ottoman Empire. The Khanate, founded in Ma Wara al-Nahr, had the opportunity to spread in the northern Afghanistan. The territory of Afghanistan was divided into three zones of influence after the complete dissolution of the Timurid Empire at the beginning of the 16th century. The west was under the control of the Safavid State, while the east was subordinated to the Baburid Empire. The northern part was dominated by the Khanate of Bukhara. As Muhammad Shibani Khan, the founder of the khanate, acquired Balkh in 1505 and Herat, the capital of Timurids, in 1507, he conquered a large part of the territory of Northern Afghanistan. However, with his death, although these lands were abandoned, the city of Balkh and its environs were subjected to the Khanate of Bukhara by Kistan Kara Sultan, son of Janibek, in 1526. Since then, Balkh has been one of the four main administrative regions of the Khanate of Bukhara, together with Bukhara, Samarkand and Tashkent. During the reign of Abdullah Khan II (1583-1598), Badakhshan, Qunduz, Talukan and Qulab were captured and the khanate borders were almost extended as far as Kabul. However, the dominance of the Khanate of Bukhara on the territory of Afghanistan has been fluctuating, and it has not been possible to keep it uninterruptedly. The longest ruled place became Balkh, especially during the reign of the TuqaiTimurids (Astrakhanids, Janids). Here, the heir, relatively autonomous from the capital, has weakened quite the central administration. In this article, it will be discussed the Bukharan hegemony in Northern Afghanistan, and its conflicts with the Safavid State and the Baburid Empire from time to time in order to avoid losing that hegemony until Nader Shah seized Balkh in 1737 and Badakhshan in 1738.